1:volatile
- 保证线程可见性
当多个线程访问同一个共享资源时,线程会拷贝资源的副本到自己的工作内存。这样如果某个线程对这个资源进行写操作,其他线程不会马上知道。当对这个资源加volatile关键字,其他线程就会随时监听,更新新的值。
如下例子,不加volatile关键字,线程不会停止,加volatile关键字后会及时重新更新副本stop的值,线程停止。
package com.nobody.thread;
/**
* 不加volatile,输出:
* main start...
* thread start...
* change stop=true
* * 加volatile,输出:
* main start...
* thread start...
* thread stop...
* change stop=true
* @author Μr.ηobοdy
*
* @date 2020-04-19
*
*/
public class VolatileDemo { private /* volatile */ static boolean stop = false; public static void main(String[] args) { Thread t = new Thread(() -> { System.out.println("thread start..."); while (!stop) { } System.out.println("thread stop..."); }); System.out.println("main start..."); t.start(); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } stop = true; System.out.println("change stop=" + stop); }
}
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- 禁止指令重排序
JIT(即时编译器just-in-time compiler) 是一种提高程序运行效率的方法,会将指令重排序。例如实例化一个对象,一般可分为3步骤,第一分配内存空间,第二初始化变量等,第三将引用地址赋值给引用对象。指令重排序可将顺序改为132。这样引用对象可能就拿到一个未初始化的对象,导致出错。
package com.nobody.thread;
/**
* 单例模式(懒汉式)
* 懒汉式必须加volatile
*
* @author Μr.ηobοdy
*
* @date 2020-04-19
*
*/
public class Singleton { private /* vovalite */ static Singleton INSTANCE; private String name; private Singleton(String name) { this.name = name; } public static Singleton getInstance() { if (null == INSTANCE) { synchronized (Singleton.class) { if (null == INSTANCE) { // 可能会出现指令重排序,即未进行成员变量name的初始化就退出了, // 这样别人就会拿到未初始化(name=null)的Singleton对象 INSTANCE = new Singleton("hh"); } } } return INSTANCE; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
}
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- 不保证原子性
package com.nobody.thread;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* volatile不保证原子性,最终结果一般小于10000
*
* 若要保证原子性,直接将doCount方法加synchronized关键字即可,而volatile可有可无
*
* @author Μr.ηobοdy
*
* @date 2020-04-19
*
*/
public class VolatileDemo1 { private volatile static int count = 0; private /*synchronized*/ void doCount() { for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { count++; } } public static void main(String[] args) { VolatileDemo1 v = new VolatileDemo1(); // 启动10个线程 List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<>(); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { threads.add(new Thread(v::doCount, "thread-" + i)); } threads.forEach(t -> t.start()); // 等待10个线程执行完 threads.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); System.out.println("count=" + count); }
}
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2:CAS(Compare And Set 无锁优化 自旋锁)
设置新值之前会先将旧的值与期望值比较,如果相等才set,不然就重试或者失败。这是有CPU原语支持的。
package com.nobody.thread;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
/**
* CAS AtomicInteger保证原子性,最终结果一定等于10000
*
*
* @author Μr.ηobοdy
*
* @date 2020-04-19
*
*/
public class AtomicIntegerDemo { private static AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0); private void doCount() { for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { count.incrementAndGet(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { AtomicIntegerDemo v = new AtomicIntegerDemo(); // 启动10个线程 List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<>(); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { threads.add(new Thread(v::doCount, "thread-" + i)); } threads.forEach(t -> t.start()); // 等待10个线程执行完 threads.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); System.out.println("count=" + count); }
}
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不过这种会出现ABA问题,即由值A先变成值B,然后又变回A值,最后旧值与期望值比较还是相等。可用版本号解决这个问题。
3:LongAdder
采用分段锁思想,假如有1000个线程对同一个共享变量进行操作(例如自增),此处假设分为4小组,250个线程为1组,组内进行自增操作,这样分组能减少锁的概率,最后将每个小组进行求总和处理。其实分段锁组内还是CAS原理。一般在线程数高时,效率比synchronized和AtomicLong高。
package com.nobody.thread;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder;
/**
* LongAdder,AtomicLong,synchronized多线程时效率比较
* 模拟1000个线程对一个等于0的值进行自增操作,每个线程自增10000
*
* 输出结果:
* longAdderCount:10000000, time:227
* atomicLongCount:10000000, time:395
* synchronizedCount:10000000, time:909
*
* @author Μr.ηobοdy
*
* @date 2020-04-20
*
*/
public class LongAdderDemo { private static LongAdder longAdderCount = new LongAdder(); private static AtomicLong atomicLongCount = new AtomicLong(0L); private static long synchronizedCount = 0L; public static void main(String[] args) { // LongAdder测试 List<Thread> longAdderThreads = new ArrayList<>(1000); for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) { longAdderThreads.add(new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < 10000; j++) { longAdderCount.increment(); } })); } long start = System.currentTimeMillis(); longAdderThreads.forEach(t -> t.start()); // 等待1000个线程执行完 longAdderThreads.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); long end = System.currentTimeMillis(); // AtomicLong测试 List<Thread> atomicLongThreads = new ArrayList<>(1000); for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) { atomicLongThreads.add(new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < 10000; j++) { atomicLongCount.incrementAndGet(); } })); } long start1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); atomicLongThreads.forEach(t -> t.start()); // 等待1000个线程执行完 atomicLongThreads.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); long end1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); // AtomicLong测试 List<Thread> synchronizedThreads = new ArrayList<>(1000); Object o = new Object(); for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) { synchronizedThreads.add(new Thread(() -> { for (int j = 0; j < 10000; j++) { synchronized (o) { synchronizedCount++; } } })); } long start2 = System.currentTimeMillis(); synchronizedThreads.forEach(t -> t.start()); // 等待1000个线程执行完 synchronizedThreads.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); long end2 = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println("longAdderCount:" + longAdderCount + ", time:" + (end - start)); System.out.println("atomicLongCount:" + atomicLongCount + ", time:" + (end1 - start1)); System.out.println("synchronizedCount:" + synchronizedCount + ", time:" + (end2 - start2)); }
}
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文章来源: javalib.blog.csdn.net,作者:陈皮的JavaLib,版权归原作者所有,如需转载,请联系作者。
原文链接:javalib.blog.csdn.net/article/details/105623606